- Training and Phantom Simulation
- High-Fidelity Simulation
- Combined Ultrasound and Fluoroscopic Phantom Simulators
- Procedural Needle: Related Visibility Factors
- Acoustic Impedance as the Basis for Procedure Needle Visualization
- Size (Gauge) of the Procedure Needle and Its Echogenicity
- The Skin Insertion Site Selected and Angle of Procedure Needle Passage
- Echogenic Procedure Needles
- Procedure Needle Tip
- The Ultrasound Device and Procedure Needle Visibility
- Impact of Various Sonographic Modes on Procedure Needle Visibility
- Frequency of the Ultrasound Probe (AKA Depth) Acoustic Power and Gain
- Time Gain Compensation and Harmonic Imaging
- Brightness, Motion, and Doppler Modes
- 3D and 4D Ultrasound Imaging
- Recent Advances in Ultrasound Imaging and Procedure Needle Visibility
- Needle-Probe Alignment
- “In-Plane” and “Out-Of-Plane” Needle Approach: Classical Probe-Needle Interpositions
- Oblique Plane Needle Approach for Ultrasound-Guided Pain Management
- Biplane Needle Imaging Approach for Ultrasound-Guided Pain Management
- Mechanical and Optical Procedure Needle Guides
- Advanced Procedure Needle Positioning Systems
- The “ART” of Scanning for Better Procedure Needle Visualization
- Ergonomics for Better Procedure Needle Visibility
- Enhancement and Techniques to Improve Procedure Needle Localization
- Enhancement with Priming, Insertion of Stylet or Guide Wire, and Vibration
- Hydrolocalization of the Procedure Needle
- Procedure Needle Visibility by Agitated Solutions or with Ultrasound Contrast Agents
- Localization of the Procedure Needle Tip with the Aid of Nerve Stimulation
- Summary
- References
- Cervical Spine
- Thoracic Spine
- Lumbar Spine
- Sacrum
- Sonoanatomy of the Cervical Spine: Superficial
- Sonoanatomy of the Cervical Spine: Deep
- Sonoanatomy of the Thoracic Spine: Superficial
- Sonoanatomy of the Thoracic Spine: Deep
- Sonoanatomy of the Lumbar Spine: Superficial
- Sonoanatomy of the Lumbar Spine: Deep
- Sonoanatomy of the Sacrum and Sacroiliac Joint: Superficial
- Sonoanatomy of the Sacrum and Sacroiliac Joint: Deep
- Indications for Cervical Medial Branch Block
- Why Ultrasound-Guided Facet Nerve Block? The Literature and our Experience
- Possible Advantages of Ultrasound for Cervical Facet Nerve Blocks
- Limitations of Ultrasound
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for TON and Cervical Medial Branch Block
- Identifying the Correct Level: Method 1
- Identifying the Correct Level: Method 2
- Practical Performance of Block
- Conclusion
- References
- Indications
- Limitations of the Fluoroscopy-Guided Techniques
- Literature Review and Advantages of Ultrasound-Guided Cervical Nerve Root Block
- Identification of Small Critical Vessels
- Why Ultrasound?
- Sonoanatomy of the Cervical Spine and Identification of the Cervical Level
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Cervical Selective Nerve Root Block
- References
- History
- Ultrasound Imaging of the Spine
- Axis of Scan
- Spinal Sonoanatomy
- The Water-Based Spine Phantom
- Ultrasound Imaging of the Sacrum
- Ultrasound Imaging of the Lumbar Spine
- Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic Spine
- Ultrasound-Guided CNB
- Caudal Epidural Injection
- Lumbar Epidural Injection
- Thoracic Epidural Injection
- Spinal Injection
- The Evidence
- Education and Training
- Conclusion
- References
- Indications for Caudal Epidural Injection
- Limitations of the Landmark “Blind” Technique
- Literature Review of Ultrasound-Guided Caudal Epidural Injections
- Ultrasound-Guided Caudal Injection Is Better Than the “Blind” Technique
- Ultrasound-Guided Caudal Injection Is as Effective as the Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Caudal Epidural Injection
- Limitations of the Ultrasound-Guided Technique
- References
- Anatomy of the Celiac Plexus
- Current Techniques of the Celiac Plexus Block
- The Anterior Percutaneous Approach
- Advantages of US-Guided Anterior Approach
- Limitations of US-Guided Anterior Approach
- Sonoanatomy of the Epigastrium and Relevant Structures
- Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Celiac Plexus Block Technique
- References
- Ilioinguinal, Iliohypogastric, and Genitofemoral Neuralgia
- Anatomy
- Literature Review on Injection Techniques for Ilioinguinal, Iliohypogastric, and Genitofemoral Nerve Block
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique of Ilioinguinal, Iliohypogastric, and Genitofemoral Nerve Blockade
- Genital Branch of Genitofemoral Nerve
- Piriformis Syndrome
- Anatomy
- Literature Review on Piriformis Muscle Injections
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Piriformis Muscle Injection
- Pudendal Neuralgia
- Anatomy
- Literature Review on Pudendal Nerve Injections
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Pudendal Nerve Injection
- Conclusion
- References
- Femoral Nerve Block
- Anatomy
- Preparation and Positioning
- Ultrasound Technique
- Single-Injection Technique
- Continuous Catheter Technique
- Sciatic Nerve Block
- Anatomy
- Preparation and Positioning
- Ultrasound Technique
- Sciatic Nerve Blockade in the Popliteal Fossa
- Anatomy
- Preparation and Positioning
- Ultrasound Technique
- Lumbar Plexus Block
- Anatomy
- Preparation and Positioning
- Ultrasound Technique
- Obturator Nerve Block
- Anatomy
- Preparation and Positioning
- Ultrasound Technique
- Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block
- Anatomy
- Preparation and Positioning
- Ultrasound Technique
- Saphenous Nerve Block
- Anatomy
- Preparation and Positioning
- Ultrasound Technique
- Ankle Block
- Anatomy
- Preparation and Positioning
- Ultrasound Technique
- Blockade of the Posterior Tibial Nerve
- Blockade of the Deep Peroneal Nerve
- Blockade of the Proximal Superficial Peroneal Nerve
- References
- Applications
- Overview of Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Catheter Insertion
- Nerve in Short Axis: Needle Out-of-Plane Approach
- Nerve in Long Axis: Needle In-Plane
- Preparation for Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Catheter Insertion
- Standard Perineural Catheter Equipment
- Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Catheter Insertion Techniques for Common Surgical Procedures
- Infraclavicular CPNB
- Femoral CPNB
- Subgluteal Sciatic CPNB
- Popliteal Sciatic CPNB
- Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) CPNB
- Conclusions
- References
- Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block
- Anatomy
- Literature Review of Injection Techniques
- Ultrasound-Guided Block Technique
- Suprascapular Nerve Block
- Anatomy
- Literature Review of Injection Techniques
- Ultrasound-Guided Block Technique
- Intercostal Nerve Block
- Anatomy
- Literature Review of Injection Techniques
- Ultrasound-Guided Block Technique
- Conclusion
- References
- Subacromial/Subdeltoid Bursa
- Anatomy
- Clinical Presentation
- Limitations of the Blind Approach
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique
- Biceps Tendon Sheath (Biceps – Long Head)
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique
- Acromioclavicular Joint
- Clinical Presentation
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique
- Glenohumeral Joint
- Clinical Presentation
- Limitations of the Blind Approach
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique
- The Rotator Interval Approach
- Subscapularis Tendon/Subscapularis Bursa
- Clinical Presentation
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique
- Sternoclavicular Joint
- Clinical Presentation
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique
- Conclusion
- References
- Anatomy Ultrasound-Guided Carpal Tunnel Injections
- Literature Review on Ultrasound-Guided Carpal Tunnel Injections
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Carpal Tunnel Injections
- Anatomy Ultrasound-Guided Trigger Finger Injections
- Literature Review on Ultrasound-Guided Trigger Finger Injections
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Trigger Finger Injections
- Anatomy Ultrasound-Guided Wrist Injections
- Literature Review on Ultrasound-Guided Wrist Injections
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Wrist Injections
- Anatomy Ultrasound-Guided Injections for Tendon Dysfunction
- Tendon Dysfunction
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Tendon Dysfunction
- Anatomy Ultrasound-Guided Elbow Injections
- Literature Review on Ultrasound-Guided Elbow Injections
- Ultrasound-Guided Elbow Injection Technique
- References
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